Crick and Dodges Theory of Behavior of Children in Social...

Crick and Dodge’s (1994) social information processing model suggests that the ways in which a child behaves in social and relational interactions is based on how a child processes information. According to Crick and Dodge’s model, children are constantly drawing on their biologically determined capabilities, their database (the central location of our memories and schemas) and social cues. Crick and Dodge provide a detailed outline how a child’s mental processing during a social interaction in five steps: 1) Encoding internal/external cues from the environment. Doing so allows one to focus on certain cues that may be vital to the person or the situation at hand. 2) The interpretation of social cues. During the interpretation process, a child will go through one or more individual processes where they will try to make sense of the information (understand others behavior, evaluating their own behavior). All information received during this process is primarily inf luenced by what already exists in their database. 3) Establishing a goal. During this step, a child sets pre-defined goals about the social relationship. These goals are redefined throughout the interaction. 4) Response to a situation. During this, children will examine the possible set of behaviors and the responses. 5) Response decision. A child makes a decision about which behavior to actually engage in. 6) Behavioral enactment is when the child acts upon the behavior. This process is then transferred back intoShow MoreRelatedSocial Information Processing And Hostile Attribution Bias Theory Essay1483 Words   |  6 PagesRelated to Social Information Processing and Hostile Attribution Bias Theory Tiffany L. Williams Post University Abstract This paper looks to examine several sources of research related to the development of aggressive behaviors, and criminality. The purpose of this is to assess several of the factors associated with aggression and criminal behaviors. The paper will focus on Crick and Dodge’s model of Social Information Processing, with specific emphasis on Hostile Attribution Bias theory. In exploring

Essay on Cell phones and Relationships - 1319 Words

â€Å"Can you remember the last time you were in a public space in America and didn’t notice that half the people around you were bent over a digital screen, thumbing a connection to somewhere else?† (Fredrickson, 2013, pg. 1). In a world today where sending a text message containing the message â€Å"I luv you,† is equally powerful to that statement said in person to your significant other. Today’s generation is surrounded by the constant need to have technology and mainly cell phones at your fingertips. Gone are the days when people would talk to one another whilst standing in line, now it is all about having and using your cell phone to pass the time. All of this takes bondage on having an interpersonal relationship with each other and conversing†¦show more content†¦Here is a major concern with why people do not have conversations with other, they are already preoccupied with the device in their palm. That same study reports that 73% of phone users get panicked when not knowing the location of their phone, 14% get desperate, and 7% get sick to their stomach (Mobile Mindset, 2012). These emotional reactions lead one to believe that a person’s entire life is on that one device and so when that device has an unknown location it would give them that panicked reaction. By no means is it wrong to have these reactions, but it is a bit overwhelming to think that a lost phone could give more worry than losing a job or the passing of a relative/significant other. In turn, cell phones give people much to worry about and so knowing physiological triggers of use or disappearance is notable. Mainly, the million dollar question is what does cell phones do to intimate relationships and general conversation with the opposite gender. Research from the University of San Diego shows that there is an estimated 2.3 trillion minutes spent using wireless devices of the last year (Galvan, Golley Vessal, 2013, pg. 1). This source continue s on to say that â€Å"[people feel] personal connections towards cell phones† (Galvan, Golley Vessal, 2013, pg. 1). A question to be considered in this situation is how people even get into relationships anymore and that is driven by the amount of online dating site and technologicalShow MoreRelatedCell Phone Impact on Relationships706 Words   |  3 PagesDo cell phones have a negative impact on relationships? Recent advancements in communication technology have enabled billions of people to connect over great distances using mobile phones ( (Przybylski Weinstein, 2012). In fact, cell phones have become so essential in today’s society that more than 90% of the population owns one, making mobile phones the social norm. Through today’s technological advances with smartphones (cell phones) permit keeping in touch with people and the world a wholeRead MoreCell Phone Use And Its Impact On Personal Relationships Essay1623 Words   |  7 Pagestexting and socia l media, people have become more glued to their phones than anything else. This in turn can affect their social lives, mental health, and overall outlook on life. With these criteria as a background, scholars are starting to spend more time focusing on phone use and its impact on personal relationships. Because of this, I agree that texting and phone use does not actually reduce people’s ability to maintain relationships and/or make it harder to develop bonds between others, which isRead MoreCell Phones As A Moderator For The Relationship Between Passive Cell Phone Interactions And Situation Awareness Essay1748 Words   |  7 PagesCell phone dependency as a moderator for the relationship between passive cell phone interaction and situation awareness INTRODUCTION Klauer et al. (2014) found a positive correlation between the use of cellular phones (hands free or handheld) and the rate of traffic accidents and distraction. These mobile phones, which are now capable of not only answering calls, but are also capable of playing games, text messaging, browsing the internet, etc. are now attainable for a vast number of individualsRead MoreTechnology On Romantic Relationships : The Internet, Cell Phones, And Social Media1964 Words   |  8 PagesKelsey Williams Bob Haas ENG 1103-13 15 November 2016 Technology in Romantic Relationships The internet, cell phones, and social media have become key actors in the life of many American couples. Of the 66 percent of adults who are married or in committed relationships use technology in the little and large moments. They negotiate over when to use it and when to abstain. A portion of them quarrel over its use and have had hurtful experiences caused by tech use. At the same time, some couples findRead MoreCell Phones Effects On Interpersonal Relationships, Driving Skills, And Individual Health967 Words   |  4 PagesCell Phones are a growing trend around the world, but we do not know much about the health risks associated with them. Many children, students, and adults use their phones frequently, and there could be many growing common risks developing that we are unaware of. Cell Phones are a recent invention that has brought people together all around the world and mostly beneficial but are associated to some dangers. Using cell phones has effects on interpersonal relat ionships, driving skills, and individualRead MoreImpact of Cell Phone Uasage on Students Acedemic Performance, Social Relationship Ans Safety2584 Words   |  11 PagesPERFORMACE, SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP AND SAFETY. INTRODUCTION:- Since the commercialization of cellular phones technology, the use of this communication device has rapidly increased. This technology was first introduced by Motorola in the early 1980’s (Harman, Brittney A., 2011). Today, the global cellular phone market now stands at approximately 1.8 billion subscribers, and is forecasted to reach 3 billion by the end of 2010 (Reid and Reid, 2007). The adoption of mobile phones by young generationRead MoreElectronically Mediated Communication: The use of cell phones, computers, internet, etc and how it affected our relationships. Contains graphs and percentages.3616 Words   |  15 Pageslovers, family members, acquaintances, co-workers and people in service positions. We do this routinely, usually without much thought, unless some problem occurs or the relationship starts to take a turn for the worse. Then we become painfully aware of the poor communication we have had with another. Weve probably all had relationships that slipped away b ecause we couldnt talk to each other or didnt bother to try. In this chapter we will look at the mundane, yet remarkable, process of dyadic (one-on-one)Read MoreThe Cell Phone Usage Between Partners1679 Words   |  7 Pagesspeaking, if there is an unbalance in cell phone usage between partners someone is bound to feel ignored. Engaging in technology separate to a partner encourages a disconnection rather than a connection. (Bilton, 2014) Also stated by Bilton, disconnection in relationships leads to feelings of dissatisfaction and compromises any sense of safety, attachment and control. Privacy, Trust, and Freedom seem to be essential terms revolving around the topic of relationship satisfaction. â€Å"Partners are more satisfiedRead MoreHow Cell Phones Affect Social Behavior1282 Words   |  6 PagesEffects of Mobile Phones on Social Skills Kelly Schriever, Matt Seeberger, Mary Sweet, Emily Putnam Elizabethtown College March 17, 2014 Today we live in a world where communication through modern technology is almost required. Everywhere people are texting, emailing, writing blogs, and tweeting. It’s hard to go anywhere without seeing someone using a phone or the internet to connect with others. Most people would feel lost without the use of their phones. Of course theRead MoreCell Phones Vs. Society1251 Words   |  6 PagesCell Phones Vs. Society: Have you ever seen a car accident caused by texting and driving? Have you ever had a conversation with someone where they pulled out their phone and completely disconnected? If so, you have felt a few of the many negative effects cell phones have on society. Today, technology is constantly evolving, taking new forms, updating, and finding its way into more and more of users lives. Most people are comfortable with this, especially the youth of today, as they have been around

The Causes lead to healthy life Free Essays

The Causes lead to healthy life People should always look after themselves, so we worry about crime and accidents, natural disasters and many other things, but what we don’t realize is that sometime we can be our own worst enemy. Our lives could be so much easier if we lead a healthy lifestyle. There are countless benefits in many areas. We will write a custom essay sample on The Causes lead to healthy life or any similar topic only for you Order Now First of all we can establish that a healthy lifestyle by following a good diet, sleeping well and exercising. By following a good diet will helps to maintain our weight as eating well. Eating the wrong food, or simply over-eating, will lead to weight gain, and all the problems associated with it. Most people who lose weight with fad diets gain it right back again when they go back to their normal eating patterns. With a healthy diet that we maintain for life, we will lose that weight once and maintain it long term. In addition following a good diet helps we meet our nutritional needs. Our daily food intake should include some amounts of grain, fruit, vegetables, dairy and protein. The vitamins and minerals in healthy foods can boost our immune system and protect us from many common illnesses. In some cases, by eating a healthy diet can actually reduce the risks with such serious diseases as cancer and diabetes. Furthermore, there is another aspect of healthy living that should be sleeping well for the most part we all consider sleep as a good thing to do , but we don’t really know how this activity benefits us; for one sleeping helps you repair your body, while we are asleep our body produces extra molecules that help mend the body so that the damage we suffer during the day from things such as stress , pollutants, sun exposure and so on, is repaired while we are off to dreamland. In addition, sleep helps to improve our memory; namely, when people do not have enough sleep, they cannot concentrate well the next day and have problems forming memories, researchers believe that during sleep, neurons can shut down and repair any damage done during the day. So without these repairs, the neurons may not function correctly causing us to feel drowsy and unable to concentrate enough to retain information in our brain. Likewise having good sleeping habits results in reducing our levels of stress, for instance, a good night’s sleep can lower blood pressure and the elevated levels of stress hormones which are a natural result of today’s fast paced lifestyle, there are physical effects of stress on your body, and an increase in the aging and degeneration of organs, cells and other body parts. By reducing high levels of stress, sleep helps to reverse these effects and encourages a state of relaxation. Pretty amazing thing this sleep isn’t it? And it’s something most of us take for granted. Last but not least, another important aspect of a healthy lifestyle is exercising, and this is something we all know and have been told ever since we were children! , but as time goes by people change, habits change. In no way are kids today even close to practicing the amount of physical activity that children practiced 30 years ago, and this is really a regrettable thing since there are many benefits to exercising; just to name a few we have how exercise helps improving your mood, due to the chemicals it releases in the brain called endorphins, it gives you an overall feeling of well-being, This is the same chemical that being in love or eating chocolate induces! You’ll also look better and feel better when you exercise regularly, which can boost your confidence and improve your self-esteem. It is believed that regular physical activity can even help prevent depression. Moreover, sleeping well can aid when battling chronic diseases such as heart diseases, osteoporosis, or even diabetes and cancer. Likewise exercising can even help you sleep better, if you have trouble sleeping you should try exercising a few hours before going to bed, you? l be tired enough from the workout so you won’t turn in your bed all night long unable to sleep; just make sure you don’t do it immediately before going to bed otherwise it may have the opposite effect and get you all hyped up! With so many great reasons to exercise, there’s nothing more to say, except: â€Å"Get moving! † In any case the good news is you don’t have to train like an Olympic athlete, eat like a nutritionist or sleep all day long to enjoy the benefits of a healthy lifestyle. The secret is in repeating a chosen healthy pattern as a part of your daily or weekly activities. After all a healthy lifestyle is a way of life. How to cite The Causes lead to healthy life, Essay examples

Loyalty And Its Role In Customer Relationship Management

Question: Describe about the Loyalty And Its Role In Customer Relationship Management? Answer: Introduction The concept of Cusatomer Relationship Management is the one focusing on management of interactions taking place between the customers and the company, prospects of sale and clients. There are a number of factors involved along with technology for organizing, automating and synchronizing processes of the business. The objectives of this system is focused on enhancing satisfaction of customers, amount of income and the rate of profitability (Javalg and Moberg 2007). For attaining successful management of relationships with the customers, a number of organizations have been using several tools, procedures and technologies for supporting the relationship of organizations with customers for the enhancement of sales. There can be no dismissal in the significance for satisfaction of customers, while customers being happy can be related to free advertising for the organizations (Renner 2001). It is important for putting the customers at the central point for the success of business organization in accordance with their strategies, processes and events. As a matter of fact, it is more profitable and easier for initiating sale to the current customers in comparison with the new customers. Satisfaction of customers is strongly related to the effectiveness of managing relationship with the customers, and this has a close relationship with loyalty of the customers. This is due to the fact that an extremely satisfied customer in general ends up staying loyal for a longer duration of time (Peppard 2000). The choice of customers is mainly based on the perceptions regarding satisfaction and value of the services and products being received by them. Hence, it can be stated that satisfied customers create loyal customers that plays a significant role in the management of relationship with customers. This essay will be indicating that loyalty of customers plays a significant role in the management of relationship with the customers. Customer Relationship Management Management of relationship with customers is a process combining technology, processes, and people that seeks on understanding the customers of organization. It is referred to as an integrated approach for the management of relationships by creating a focus on retention of customers and development of relationship (Francis 2007). There has been evolution in the management of relationship with the customers from an advancement in information technology along with changes in the organization with respect to processes centralized to customers. Organization who are successful in the implementation of CRM will result in reaping a number of rewards in loyalty of customer and profitability in the long run. Whether or not business organizations can result in making their present customers highly loyal, is highly dependent on if they can be successful in the management of relationships with their customers (Peppard 2000). As there has been an increase in the consciousness of customers, organi zations end up paying a large amount of cost if any faults and errors take place in relationships with the customers. It has been identified by the organizations since a long duration of time that customers should be listened to for having the ability of sustaining their existence within the market. This had been the situation in the years of 1990s. However, by the years of 2000s, with an increase in the utilization and impact of the internet along with these types of platforms as groups for discussion, customers are known to be having the opportunity of being more effective and powerful against the business organizations. Thus, the organizations started to notice success would knock their doors of there was adoption of marketing based on customers. Followed by the phase of development in the understanding of customers, traditional concepts of marketing ended up retaining their validity to a specific limit, but majority of the concepts on marketing had been questioned (Peppard 2000). The concepts that are had been re- questioned are: 1) Loyal customers or new customers? 2) Share of wallet or share in the market? 3) Customer number, order number, card number or customer number? 4) The population of actual customers or the amount of total bills? 5) Behaviour or questionnaire? 6) Reducing the rate of abundancy or customers from the rival organization? And 7) Profitability out of customers or probability out of products? By the end of this essay, there can be clarity achieved in answering and understanding these questions. There are certain reasons due to which the management of relationships with the customers have emerged (Renner 2001). One of these reasons is that there has been an increase in the cost of mass marketing. In addition to this, it is important to note that share of customers has been gaining huge importance and not the share of market. Further ahead, it is important to note that the concepts related to customer loyalty and customer satisfaction is being given more importance these days. However, there is no denial in the fact that the value of customers has been gaining huge importance across all organizations and industries across the globe. Further ahead, there has been an increase in the intensity of developments and competition in technologies of communication (Francis 2007). There is acceptance that management of relationship with the customers is a philosophy of management that can be used as a strategy of marketing in a number of organizations all across the globe, while a number of concepts and definitions have been established out of it. It has been identified by Anton that management of relationship with customers can be considered as a strategy of business focusing on the creation of information technologies with the enterprise that assists the system of management in listening to the base of customer, be based on customer and offering perfect services and products for the customer. It can also be stated that it aims on making the entire staff in the organization having the ability of conducting work of teams based on customers (Javalg and Moberg 2007). Finally, it can be stated that management of relationship with the customers is referred to as the approach making it compulsory for forming relationships with the customers on long term basis with the main aim to increase the productivity and profitability of the organization, and for making the utilization of technology in order to fulfil this particular purpose. Loyal Customers Brand equity is referred to as the perception of value or simply the value carried by a name of brand. Brand equity consists of a number of different combination of assets that are related to the symbol and name of brand. The assets of brand equity include awareness of brand name, loyalty towards brand, quality being perceived, associations of brand, and other brand assets related to proprietary (Peppard 2000). Each asset of brand equity contributes in creating value in a number of different ways and contributes in creating value for both, the customers as well as the organization. It has been identified that the core element for the establishment of brand equity is known to be brand loyalty, and the assets related to equity of brand will result in impacting loyalty towards the brand. It has been discovered that suppliers forming closer relationships at work with their base of customers hold the tendency of having better base of customer (Renner 2001). These close relationships contribute in increasing the loyalty of customers towards the suppliers. In addition to this, often these customers provide the suppliers with higher share in the organization of business. Establishing the loyalty of customers by marketing of loyalty is a strategy of business and not simply a program of marketing. All of the business organization must seek on increasing and maximizing their share of the customers. Persuading loyalty amongst the customers is known to be continuous, and it can be considered more as a journey rather than the destination. It has been stated by Aaker (1996) that focusing on the segmentation of loyalty contributes in providing tactical and strategic insight that helps in the establishment of strong brands (Francis 2007). CRM in Banking Sector Organization are able to produce a number of benefits with respect to property, place, time and form that will be satisfying the demands of customers, and all of the credit goes to services and goods. Marketing and forming the services and goods that contribute in satisfying the demands of customers is considered as the base for benefits of production. If there is satisfaction amongst the customer or not dependent on the fact if there is comparison in what has been offered to him with respect to their own expectations (Reichheld 2006). It has been identified that the core element for the establishment of brand equity is known to be brand loyalty, and the assets related to equity of brand will result in impacting loyalty towards the brand (Francis 2007). It has been discovered that suppliers forming closer relationships at work with their base of customers hold the tendency of having better base of customer. The management of relationship with the customers is known to be grounded on the fact that establishment of relationship should be done with learning each and every single customer (Melissa 2008). With respect to this relationship of learning each and every customer, the organization must consider learning the needs and expectation of the customers in an easy manner and these expectations must be met at an accurate duration of time, also to acquire a benefit in terms of competition. Persuading loyalty amongst the customers is known to be continuous, and it can be considered more as a journey rather than the destination. It has been stated by Aaker (1996) that focusing on the segmentation of loyalty contributes in providing tactical and strategic insight that helps in the establishment of strong brands (Javalg and Moberg 2007). If the offer being made is more than what had been expected, the customer is known to be having high degree of satisfaction and hence, remains loyal to the organization. As a significant example, if the actual performance of a particular service or product within a bank is less than the expectation, it results in dissatisfaction, but if it is more than or equal to the level of expectation, there can be achievement of satisfaction amongst the customers. Since recent time, in the industries such as banking, where there is an involvement of extremely intensified competition, satisfaction of customer has been gaining a comparatively good deal of relevance. It can be considered easy for letting the other bank capture a customer who is displeased and dissatisfied (Melissa 2008). For raising the satisfaction of customer to the highest degree and retaining the base of customer, all that has to be done by banks in attaching the importance with the management of relationship with the customers. The benefits availed by the banks in managing their relationship with the customers are many. It helps to pick out the actual customers in the bank on a long term basis and to help them in making the relationships effective by increasing loyalty of the customer. It also helps to make the way in management of bank based on customer. In addition to this, it helps to bring in the base required for building relationship with humans by collecting and utili zing the information by the institutionalization of individual concepts on sale (Javalg and Moberg 2007). There is no denial in the fact that loyalty helps to reshape the campaigns of marketing and sale being conducted by the banks. All in all, it can be stated that loyalty of customers helps in establishing successful management of relationships with the customers that increases the overall productivity of the banks in the industry. Hence, it can simply be stated that in the situation of highly intensified competition, promotion of customer orientation in organizations is at the top most of the priority list (Armstrong 2006). Loyalty of current customer is considered as the key priority in the strategies of CRM. Loyalty contributes to present the path for availing success in the business. With respect to the achievement of loyalty of important customers, but also staying competitive within the market, organizations are known to be adapting a new strategy that is the orientation of customers. This is being given huge importance as it is considered better in comparison with the traditional strategy for the orientation of production (Francis 2007). Relationship between Customer Relationship Management and Customer Loyalty The management of relationship with the customers is known to be grounded on the fact that establishment of relationship should be done with learning each and every single customer. With respect to this relationship of learning each and every customer, the organization must consider learning the needs and expectation of the customers in an easy manner and these expectations must be met at an accurate duration of time, also to acquire a benefit in terms of competition (Reichheld 2006). In the relationship of learning, the customers will be telling the organization his or her expectations and needs, along with the fact that the organization must have the ability of meeting these expectations and needs by the services and products. The organization may be making an offer to the customer a similar type of interaction and consumption with the rivals. Since the organization will be having better knowledge about the customer by the relationship of learning that has been developed. This helps in differentiating the organization from the rivals. The organizations should be having much information regarding the customers, making up the databases of customer and upgrading them within the duration of time forming the base for management of relationship with the customers (Holloway 2002). Learning the demands as well as complaints of the customers by coming in contact with the base of customers and production of solutions different to the base of customer can be considered as other steps in managing the relationship of customers. Relationships with customers that are directed in an accurate manner leads towards satisfaction of customers and loyalty of customers. Satisfaction of customers is strongly related to the effectiveness of managing relationship with the customers, and this has a close relationship with loyalty of the customers. This is due to the fact that an extremely satisfied customer in general ends up staying loyal for a longer duration of time (Javalg and Moberg 2007). The choice of customers is mainly based on the perceptions regarding satisfaction and value of the services and products being received by them. Hence, it can be stated that satisfied customers create loyal customers that plays a significant role in the management of relationship with cust omers. (Fig: Relationship between Customer Relationship Management and Customer Loyalty) (Source: Reichheld 2006) Hence, it can simply be stated that in the situation of highly intensified competition, promotion of customer orientation in organizations is at the top most of the priority list. Loyalty of current customer is considered as the key priority in the strategies of CRM. Loyalty contributes to present the path for availing success in the business. With respect to the achievement of loyalty of important customers, but also staying competitive within the market, organizations are known to be adapting a new strategy that is the orientation of customers. This is being given huge importance as it is considered better in comparison with the traditional strategy for the orientation of production (Kathleen 2000). Programs of Customer Loyalty The adaptation of programs for customer loyalty amongst organization has increased with the passage of time, and the customers are known to be the main focus of attention in the present time. Programs of customers loyalty are known to be offering a number of relationship and financial rewards to the base of customer with the man aim to making the customers loyal towards the brand. Programs of loyalty have been established for rewarding the customers who are loyal by a scheme of reward (Melissa 2008). The goal maintained by the programs of loyalty are focused on establishing a higher degree of retention of customer by the provision of value and satisfaction to particular customer. These particular programs also contribute in increasing loyalty of customers towards the brand by creation of profits and switching costs by avoiding the competition on price. The value perception of customers is known to be an important condition for the development of loyalty amongst the customers towards the brand by these programs of loyalty (Peppard 2000). The perceiving of program of loyalty has to be done as being valuable and important for the base of customers, along with having convenience and generating in value of cash for having the ability of enticing the customers within the program in a significant manner. Organization are able to produce a number of benefits with respect to property, place, time and form that will be satisfying the demands of customers, and all of the credit goes to services and goods. Marketing and forming the services and goods that contribute in satisfying the demands of customers is considered as the base for benefits of production (Reichheld 2006). If there is satisfaction amongst the customer or not dependent on the fact if there is comparison in what has been offered to him with respect to their own expectations. Conclusion Hence, as a simple point it can be stated that the base of customers with high loyalty can contribute in generating an extremely predictable stream of profits and sales. The effect of customer loyalty on the costs of marketing are often known to be substantial as it involves less amount of cost for retaining the customer in comparison with the cost involved in the attraction of new ones (Renner 2001). A number of organizations end up making the mistake to seek growth through enticing the base of new customers towards the brand and to neglect the ones that already exist. It has been discovered that suppliers forming closer relationships at work with their base of customers hold the tendency of having better base of customer (Peppard 2000). These close relationships contribute in increasing the loyalty of customers towards the suppliers. In addition to this, often these customers provide the suppliers with higher share in the organization of business. Establishing the loyalty of customers by marketing of loyalty is a strategy of business and not simply a program of marketing. Loyalty of current customer is considered as the key priority in the strategies of CRM (Winer 2002). Loyalty contributes to present the path for availing success in the business. Management of relationship with customers is a process combining technology, processes, and people that seeks on understanding the cu stomers of organization. It is referred to as an integrated approach for the management of relationships by creating a focus on retention of customers and development of relationship. References: Armstrong, G. 2006. Principles Of Marketing, 11 th Edition. Prentice Hall. New Jersey. Francis, M. 2007. Customer Relationship Management, Elsevier Ltd. Amsterdam. Holloway, A. 2002. Its All About Relationships, Database: Business Source Premier, Canadian Business, Vol. 75, Issue 20. Javalg, R.G. and Moberg C.R. 2007 Service Loyalty: Implications for Providers, The Journal of Services Marketing, Vol. 11, No:3. Kathleen, K. 2000. Customer Relationship Management: How To Meansure Success?, Database: MasterFLE Premier, Bank AccountingFinance (Euro Money Publications PLL), Vol. 13, Issue 4. Melissa, K. 2008. Assesing The Relationship Between Loyalty Program Attributes, Store Satisfaction and Store Loyalty. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. 15, 364-374. Peppard, J. 2000. Customer relationship management (CRM) in financial services, European Management Journal, Vol. 18 No. 3, pp. 312-27. Reichheld, F.F. 2006. The Loyalty Effect, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA. Reichheld, F.F. 2006. Learning from customer defections, Harvard Business Review, March-April, pp. 56-69. Renner, D. 2001. Customer relationship management: a new weapon in your competitive arsenal, Siebel Magazine, Vol. 1 No. 2. Winer, RS. 2002. Dynamic Customer Relationship Management: Incorporating Future Considerations into The Service Retention Decision, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 66.

Business Events Management

Introduction The science of event management has become a necessity in today’s business world. Since events are occasional, proper planning is important to ensure that an event is successful. Although some of the plans are overridden by occurrences during the actual event, planned events are better in relation to the impromptu ones. Events management involves various stages of planning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business Events Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Moreover, various resources are necessary for different events. In addition, events require a certain degree of leadership skills that are necessary for the implementation of the event. Human beings require a certain level of control. Therefore, events managers have a duty to co-ordinate, organise, and develop working teams. Proper, clear, and concise communication is imperative in events management. Constant communication between ev ents managers and clients before, during, and after the event is important. Events managers are therefore charged with the responsibility of installing proper communication systems throughout the process. This paper discusses business events management in the modern business environment. Importance of Planning Planning is an important skill in evens management. Planning is carried out in various stages during events management. The importance of planning is to ensure that the management is not caught up by eventualities during the actual event. According to Brenner (2009, p.26), with a good plan, the management team is able to respond quickly to various occurrences. A well-developed and authenticated plan will enable the event management team to ensure better satisfaction of customers’ needs. Various resources that are necessary for a particular even are also delivered in time. The delays that are witnessed in most of the events are therefore eliminated through proper plannin g. The team is not caught unaware by various demands from customers. A good plan enables managers to foresee the whole idea in a particular event. It is from such a plan that the management team carries out a systematic implementation of the program. De Snoo, van Wezel, Wortmann, and Gaalman (2011, p. 2101) confirm that plans act as a reference during the actual event. For instance, managers can use it as a checklist for various requirements. Planning will also save time and money that events take. Time is an important factor in events management. A good plan enables planners to allocate a specific amount of time to particular portions of events. This ensures that there is no procrastination and/or mix up of events. A good plan gives every portion of the event ample and adequate time. Such a program enables completion of all components of the event with little or no rush.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper wit h 15% OFF Learn More Stages of Planning and the required Resources Planning of events involves various stages. The first stage of events planning is the pre-planning meeting. This meeting enables events managers to introduce all stakeholders to be involved in the process. The pre-planning stage also enables the team to set rules and/or share roles and responsibilities. The team also gets an opportunity to know the members and to have them committed to the process. De Snoo, van Wezel, Wortmann, and Gaalman (2011, p. 2101) reveal how event managers also get an opportunity to match every members’ skills with an interest. The second step is the setting of objectives. Events management team meets to set the objectives of the whole program. Objectives should be explicit, quantifiable, satisfying, practical, and time specific. The other step is setting up the project, which involves the allocation of timelines and responsibilities. At this stage, the scope of the program is outlined and broken down. Job subdivision and elaboration to the individual employees takes place at this stage. The next step in event management is risk management. Makda and Bayat (2012, p.62) argue that the team have to assess the expected risks in the whole process. Risk mitigation measures are discussed and set up. The next step is the monitoring of the process. Monitoring of the progress of events is a continuous process. Soteriades and Dimou (2011, p.371) show how a continuous assessment ensures that the time limits that were set during the initial stages are met. It is through the assessment that the management is able to work well with the providers, for example suppliers. It is also important to monitor the progress of events in order to make changes in case of failures. The next step involves organisation of the actual event. At this stage, stakeholders are counter checked in the actual implementation of activities. Every stakeholder is also monitored to ensure full imp lementation of the project. The other step is the implementation of the event. At this stage, the actual activity is implemented. The event is run and the management supervises every step. According to Brenner (2009, p.26), it is important to respect the needs and instructions of the client. Finally, the event management process is evaluated through a systematic assessment. The manager assesses the implementers, with the feedback being used to improve the future process. Leadership Skills and Actions to Administer an Event Events management requires certain leadership skills to implement. The event manager must be able to plan for the whole event. According to Soteriades and Dimou (2011, p.371), planning involves forecasting, estimation, and implementation of the budget. Organisational skills are also required for one to be able to control and/or move the stakeholders. In an events management process, teamwork is important.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Busi ness Events Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The leader must be able to show leadership to employees. Supervisory skills are also important. Events managers should be able to supervise their staff members to ensure that they motivate them towards achieving their dreams. How to Organise and Develop a Team Team building is important in events management. Leaders must ensure that they build working teams and that the teams are working together. Project leaders must guide their teams towards working together for the success of the event. Teams are built through various steps. The project manager begins by establishing common objectives. During the establishment of common objectives, all people involved in the event come agree on what they want to achieve together with how they will do so. Team developers also train team members. During this training, members are furnished with certain important skills that are necessary for the specific events that they are to manage. For example, if the event is cultural, team members are taught various cultural beliefs that they must observe in the event. In some communities, some members of the community are not permitted to consume some parts of animal meat. The team members must therefore be keen when organising the menu for the event. For example, they are taught to separate certain parts of animal meat for particular people. In some instances, training of team members involves incorporation of clients or their representatives. In fact, if the organisation is planning for a local government event, it has to train its team members certain rules that must be observed during the event. The next step is the provision of the team with constant communication. For a project developer to ensure that he or she comes up with a good team, he or she must ensure proper communication. Makda and Bayat (2012, p.62) observe that the developers have to plan and organise for clear, co ncise, accurate, and purposeful communication. At all times, the team members must be furnished with adequate information about the event. The team is also trained to be enthusiastic. At this point, the team builder is also supposed to be very enthusiastic. Energy and vigour enable the team to work better. Team members develop a feeling that other team members are also working towards achieving a similar goal. All facets of the team must work together. For example, there should be equal participation by all members.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Team building also undertakes the execution of the initial plan as agreed. The team is charged with the authority to implement the event management plan. According to Richardson and Taylor (2012, p.475), every member of the execution team must clearly understand the execution plan. Proper understanding of the whole picture is important at this stage. An individual team member should be able to correct his or her fellow employees in the process of executing the program. The team builder also recognises the achievements of individual team members. Recognition and reward are crucial in motivating team members to repeat a certain good behaviour. In the same way, project managers should also punish any bad behaviour as a way of discouraging it. Punishment is also a way of rewarding employees. For example, if a team member is punished through salary deductions, he or she will ensure that the behaviour is not repeated. Team builders are also supposed to keep on evaluating the success and f ailures of the team concessionary. Constant evaluation of the team ensures that the initial plan is implemented in every step. Evaluation will also enable the project developer to correct any errors that may happen during the process of implementation. Importance of Team Coordination and Communication There is a need to have constant coordination of the team and its activities to ensure uniformity and coherence. During the coordination of team activities, communication becomes paramount. Proper coordination of the team ensures that there are minimal chances for confusion. Team members are also united in the performance of their duties when there is clear and constant communication. It is important for the team developers and managers to provide avenues for communication. Soteriades and Dimou (2011, p.371) affirm that every team member should be given an opportunity to voice his or her opinions towards the achievement of the plan. Communication ensures that there are less or no confl icts between team members and/or between the teams and the management. Certain levels of autonomy are also enhanced when there are high levels of communication flow. It is through communication that openness is promoted. Team members can share ideas and/or consult each other in case of errors or mistakes. Team members should also be able to communicate properly to clients during the implementation of the event program. Event involves people of a different nature or character. For example, some people are easily angered. Others are peaceful while others are troublemakers. It is also possible that some visitors turn arrogant at service providers in some events such as cultural and individual events. In such cases, team members should be patient enough to communicate well and even to manage any crisis that may arise. According to Kose, Argan, and Argan (2011, p.2), chances of misunderstanding are also minimised through proper communication. Communication enhances trust between team mem bers and/or between the event managers and the client. Openness is a key driver of proper communication. When there is openness, anxiety is reduced even in case of a crisis. The client, team members, and even visitors are able to understand any eventuality when there is clear communication. Communication Systems for Managing and Monitoring an Event Establishment of proper communication systems during the process of events management is important. According to Kose, Argan, and Argan (2011, p.2), every adopted communication system should be clear and easily understood by the target audience. In most cases, messages are misinterpreted, thus leading to confusion among team members. Understanding of the target audience is important in ensuing clarity and proper interpretation of messages. Encoding of messages relies on the understanding of the audience. With a clear understanding of the recipient of the message, the encoder is able to package the information in a way that the recipient c an easily decode the message. Communication is said to have taken place if the intention of the sender is correctly interpreted. Events managers can easily communicate different information to different stakeholders using various modes of communication. For example, Richardson and Taylor (2012, p.471) observe that, when communicating to internal publics, event managers can use a verbal mode of communication. For example, the manager and supervisors can call for meetings and/or deliver the message orally. These can be one on one meeting with individual team members or a meeting with the whole team. It is easy to communicate orally with internal publics. Internal memos are also a good means of communication. The events manager writes the memo and posts it on the notice boards. The memos can also be delivered to the individual employees. Memos are simple and clear. Hence, team members can be able to understand the message directly without the need for interpretation. The firm can also make use of intranets and the internet. Intranets are wire communications that are installed to work within the organisation. Managers can therefore use this system to communicate with the internal publics. For example, a manager can call the supervisors directly on the intranets. Intranets ensure less exaggerations since messages are conveyed directly to recipients. Messages are not mediated. Hence, it is easier to eliminate noise and interference. On the other hand, the project managers can communicate to the external publics through several ways. For example, they can use e-mails, videoconferencing, letters, television, and radio advertisements. Various factors are considered when choosing the mode of communication. In fact, if the project manager wants to use a certain mode of communication, he or she must consider the frequency, the reach, and the speed. A good communication system will have people, communication devices, and the environment. All these facets are made to work t ogether in the project management. Conclusion Project managers require a high level of skills in administering and coordinating the process. Team building skills are important since team members have to work together for the success of the events. Managers have to ensure a clear and an easy-to-understand communication strategy to enhance the success events. Events manager are also supposed to choose a communication system that is frequent, speedy, and with a wide reach. Internal communication systems such as intranets and the internet are important. The project managers can also use televisions, radios, and print media to reach the external publics. References Brenner, K 2009, ‘Life-Event Segmenting Offers Optimisation of Benefit Effectiveness’, Journal of Financial Service Professionals, vol. 63 no. 3, pp. 26-29. De Snoo, C, van Wezel, W, Wortmann, J Gaalman, C 2011, ‘Coordination activities of human planners during rescheduling: case analysis and event handling procedure’, International Journal of Production Research, vol. 49 no.7, pp. 2101-2122. Kose, H, Argan, T Argan, M 2011, ‘Special event management and event marketing: A case study of TKBL all star 2011 in Turkey’, Journal of Management Marketing Research, vol. 8 no. 1, pp.1-11. Makda, T Bayat, S 2012, ‘Risk Management In Events In South Africa By 2010 And Beyond’, Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, vol. 3 no. 11, pp. 62-85. Richardson, A Taylor, G 2012, ‘Understanding Input Events: A Model of Employees’ Responses to Requests for Their Input’, Academy of Management Review, vol. 37 no. 3, pp. 471-491. Soteriades, D Dimou, I 2011, ‘Special Events: A Framework for Efficient Management’, Journal of Hospitality Marketing Management, vol. 20 no, 3/4, pp.329-346. This essay on Business Events Management was written and submitted by user Harlow Hebert to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Aaron Burr

Aaron Burr Burr, Aaron (1756-1836), third vice president of the United States (1801-5). Burr was born in Newark, New Jersey, on February 6, 1756, and educated at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), of which his father had been president. He joined the Continental Army in 1775 and rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel. Retiring in 1779 because of ill health, he was admitted to the bar in New York City in 1782 and achieved a reputation as one of the foremost lawyers of that city. Burr was appointed attorney general of New York in 1789 and served as U.S. senator from 1791 to 1797. He was a leader of the old Republican Party, which later became the Democratic-Republican Party, a position that brought Burr into conflict with his professional rival, the Federalist leader Alexander Hamilton. In the presidential election of 1800 Burr ran with the Republican candidate Thomas Jefferson. Each received the same number of votes in the electoral college, and, according to Article II, Section 2, of the U.S. Constitution, the election was decided by the House of Representatives, which chose Jefferson as president and Burr vice president. In 1804 Burr failed to win renomination as vice president and also failed to win the governorship of New York State because of the forceful opposition of Hamilton. Hamilton for years had attacked Burr publicly and privately, and Burr eventually challenged him to a duel. They fought in Weehawken, New Jersey, on July 11, 1804. Hamilton was killed, and Burr was discredited. He then became involved in a scheme that made his political recovery hopeless. The so-called Burr conspiracy still remains a mystery, because no one knows what Burr's intentions were. He purchased land in the newly acquired Louisiana Territory and apparently planned to invade Spa nish territory if, as expected, war developed between Spain and the U.S. His plan, allegedly, was either to establish a separate republic in the Sout... Free Essays on Aaron Burr Free Essays on Aaron Burr Aaron Burr Burr, Aaron (1756-1836), third vice president of the United States (1801-5). Burr was born in Newark, New Jersey, on February 6, 1756, and educated at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University), of which his father had been president. He joined the Continental Army in 1775 and rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel. Retiring in 1779 because of ill health, he was admitted to the bar in New York City in 1782 and achieved a reputation as one of the foremost lawyers of that city. Burr was appointed attorney general of New York in 1789 and served as U.S. senator from 1791 to 1797. He was a leader of the old Republican Party, which later became the Democratic-Republican Party, a position that brought Burr into conflict with his professional rival, the Federalist leader Alexander Hamilton. In the presidential election of 1800 Burr ran with the Republican candidate Thomas Jefferson. Each received the same number of votes in the electoral college, and, according to Article II, Section 2, of the U.S. Constitution, the election was decided by the House of Representatives, which chose Jefferson as president and Burr vice president. In 1804 Burr failed to win renomination as vice president and also failed to win the governorship of New York State because of the forceful opposition of Hamilton. Hamilton for years had attacked Burr publicly and privately, and Burr eventually challenged him to a duel. They fought in Weehawken, New Jersey, on July 11, 1804. Hamilton was killed, and Burr was discredited. He then became involved in a scheme that made his political recovery hopeless. The so-called Burr conspiracy still remains a mystery, because no one knows what Burr's intentions were. He purchased land in the newly acquired Louisiana Territory and apparently planned to invade Sp anish territory if, as expected, war developed between Spain and the U.S. His plan, allegedly, was either to establish a separate republic in the Sout...

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Toxicity testing - Essay Example Thus, chronic testing extends over a longer period than the sub chronic testing. The observation period for sub chronic testing is about three months, while the observation period for chronic testing is about twelve to twenty-four months (Hamilton, 1977). Sub chronic testing usually involves lesser group of animals than chronic testing. While chronic testing could involve a large group of animals of about twenty for each sex (for rodents), sub chronic testing could take about ten for each sex (for rodents) (Hamilton, 1977). The name sub chronic testing is even an indicator that it involves a lower level of toxicity testing o the chronic testing. In carrying out the toxicity experiment, there are several factors that should be considered in order to determine the most suitable toxicity method. It should be noted that, if a large group of animals is involved, the chronic testing method is preferred, but if it is only a few group of animals, the sub chronic testing method is preferred over the chronic testing

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Privacy and Confidentiality of Client Health Information Research Paper

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Medium Of Defamation In The Cyberspace Media Essay

Medium Of Defamation In The Cyberspace Media Essay Defamation is potentially one of the largest areas of law which will be affected by the internet revolution as it deals, quite simply, with communication between people  [1]  . The internet provides a new means to facilitate this communication and so is an ideal forum for free speech, a practice which can often lead to vituperative and contumelious language  [2]  . A communication is defamatory if it tends so to harm the reputation of another as to lower him in the estimation of the community or to deter third persons from associating or dealing with him.  [3]   With the aim to injure the reputation of the victim and in particular to cause him (or her) to be regarded with feelings of hatred, contempt, ridicule, fear, dislike or disesteem is part of the objective of the defamation  [4]  . The defamer or the defendant can be taken into custody for his/her action if the plaintiff thinks that the information given in the cyberspace is false, inappropriate and resulting lowering down the plaintiff reputation. Depending on different countries and regions, the punishment for defamation in the cyberspace is varies due to its law. Some country for example Brunei can take 5 years prisons for the punishment. It is not only the author or originator of a defamatory statement that may be liable for the publication of that statement; rather, defamation law ensures that anyone who plays a significant role in the act of republication or redistribution of defamatory message will be held responsible for that message  [5]  . This objective of this paper is to determine jurisdiction on the regional cases of defamation in Brunei and Malaysia. Other than that, this paper also explains medium of defamation in the cyberspace, the effects of the defamation to the victim, the punishment to the defamer and the court action with the case. BRUNEI AND MALAYSIA DEFAMATION LAW Both Brunei and Malaysia defamation law are based on the English Common Law  [6]  . MALAYSIA DEFAMATION LAW Malaysia Defamation Act are the Malaysian Defamation Act 1957 for civil cases and the Penal Code of Malaysia Section 499 Section 503 for criminal cases  [7]  . This law does not define defamation. It recognized two forms of defamation only that is libel and slander. There are distinct differences of these two forms of defamation. The difference lies in the means or medium by which the defamatory material is communicated. It used to be a fundamental distinction that between a written or printed word which is concludes as libel and spoken words which are considered as slander. Both libel and slander are civil and criminal offences. Thus, a person who is guilty of libel or slander may be sued in court, and also face jail sentence. In civil cases, the person so defamed will normally sue the maker of the defamatory words for compensation. The amount of the compensation depends on the damage caused to the reputation of the person suing. In criminal cases, the punishment for defamation is a jail sentence for a maximum of two years, or a fine, or a combination of a jail sentence and a fine [Section 500-502 Penal Code]. But, nowadays the general view of libel is whether the publication is in a permanent form, in other forms it is a slander. Defamation in a permanent forms and is usually visible to the eye, such as items in writing, email, pictures, statutes or effigies. Section 3 of the Defamation Act 1957 stated that broadcasting of words by means of radio communication shall be treated as communication in a permanent form. BRUNEI DEFAMATION LAW The Defamation Act of Brunei Darussalam, which was revised in 2000, punishes libel or slander by means of broadcasting, telecommunication or publication by newspaper.  [8]  Like Malaysia, the laws also governing both libel and slander are identical. Bloggers should also be aware that under the Brunei Defamation Act, a blog post for the purpose of the law of libel and slander, may be considered the equivalent to broadcasting of words by means of telecommunication and as such will be treated as publication. Even though the defamatory content on the Internet can be deleted, there is a possibility that the post can be recovered through a cache, and thus can be admitted into evidence  [9]  . Though there has not been any major case of litigation concerning blogs and bloggers in Brunei, the neighboring countries of Malaysia and Singapore have had cases which have resulted in imprisonment for comments made by bloggers  [10]  . Under Section 500 of Bruneis Penal Code, whoever defames another can be imprisoned for a term of up to 5 years and a fine  [11]  . MEDIUM OF DEFAMATION IN THE CYBERSPACE Based on Lilian Edwards study, she define that there are at least four distinct sites where defamation may occur in the cyberspace that can usefully be separated out, as to some extent they raise distinct problems  [12]  . One to one email messages Compared to the traditional written mail (via postal), transmission of email is virtually instantaneous and usually, once sent, is irrevocable. As a result, email correspondence is often in substance more like spoken conversation than written interaction  [13]  . Interaction and communication between two are becoming no limitless which can turn out to be legally actionable. Mailing List The format of an electronic mailing list is that various parties subscribe by email to the list, which is administered by some central host. The subject of discussion of the list may be anything from Internet law to real ale to homosexual fantasies. Usually the list is set up so that, by default, any email message sent by any one subscriber to the list is bounced or exploded out to every other subscriber. Carelessness can lead to the user think they reply only to the maker but actually the user sends their reply to the every member in the list. The embarrassment factor can be considerable, particularly where the members of the list form a small professional community within which the professional reputation of the person defamed can be severely damaged  [14]  . Newsgroup Newsgroups are discussion forum which are made up of comments from their subscribers, sorted by subject matter. All it takes is to subscribe and post comments to the newsgroup  [15]  . Collectively, the newsgroups available to Internet users are sometimes known as the Usenet  [16]  . There are something like 14,000 Usenet newsgroups subscribed to en masse by millions of subscribers, located in every country where there is Internet access. As a result, any comment posted to a Usenet newsgroup is virtually guaranteed to be published, and read, within days if not hours, in many hundreds of national jurisdictions. As can be imagined, the volume of material published in these forums is enormous one estimate is that around 4 million articles are available at any particular time  [17]  . Therefore, the probability of defamation cases in the newsgroup is higher. The World Wide Web Like newsgroups, Web sites can be accessed and read in multiple jurisdictions, and they therefore share many of the problems of transnational publication discussed above. But perhaps the major unique problem with the Web is how far it allows any individual to mimic traditional publishing at very low cost. Home pages can be set up which do a good job of looking like electronic journals or glossy magazines and which can be extremely attractive, with good design and graphic content  [18]  . However many of the parties setting up Web sites often fans of popular music or TV programmes, students, pressure groups, or amateur associations are not already hard copy or traditional publishers, have no knowledge of the law of defamation or libel, and may well find themselves publishing defamatory statements without fully appreciating their potential liability  [19]  . LIABILITY OF INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS The key role of ISPs is to provide access to the Internet for their subscribers. This access includes allowing subscribers both to read and write to Usenet newsgroups and to surf the Web. ISPs also sometimes host local discussion forum and almost invariably agree to act as physical hosts to Web pages set up by their subscribers (generally to a maximum storage of a few megabytes)  [20]  . In all these cases, the ISP runs the risk of being regarded as the publisher of libelous remarks, originated by another person, but published by them in one of these forums. As per mention before, any repetition or re-publication of a defamatory statement is in itself actionable. Action is possible against all intervening persons who are responsible for repeating, publishing or otherwise circulating the defamation  [21]  . Therefore, any republish or repeating, the victim can choose whether to sue original defamer or the re-publisher or both and in many cases, ISP were usually being sued due to the money issue rather than suing the original author. HOW IS DEFAMATION PUNISHED Defamation is usually a civil offence, although it can be a criminal matter under special circumstances.  [22]   CIVIL DEFAMATION Most complaints of defamation are dealt with under civil law. That means that cases go to a civil court and are punished by awarding money (called damages) against the person found to have committed the offence, usually called the defendant. If someone takes you to court for defamation, they will be the plaintiff, you will be the defendant.  [23]   In civil defamation, the principle is the same as for someone who has been physically injured as a result of someone elses actions, either through carelessness or a planned attack. The injured person may take the other person (or people) to court. If successful, the injured person will be awarded a sum of money as compensation. This money will be paid by the person who did the damage.  [24]   DAMAGES There are several kinds of damages a court can award, either separately or together.  [25]   General or Compensatory damages which a court may award for a persons loss of reputation, shame or hurt feelings. The payment to the plaintiff may be at small amount of money. Special damages compensate for any loss of business or earnings the plaintiff may have suffered as a result of the defamation. These could also include any money the plaintiff has spent as a result of the defamation, for example in sending letters to clients denying the allegations. Aggravated damages this can be awarded if the court thinks that the defamation was deliberate, possibly out of ill-will or any other improper motive (usually referred to as malice, which we discussed earlier). Punitive or Exemplary damages which may sometimes be awarded if the defamation is so extreme that the court feels the need to punish you or warn other journalists against similar conduct. Damages are usually large in the case of media organisations because the courts think that they can pay more for their mistakes than individuals can. CRIMINAL DEFAMATION Defamation can also be a criminal offence, which means that those found guilty could be fined or sent to prison or both. This is much less common than civil defamation.  [26]   A charge of criminal defamation can be brought if the words, pictures or gestures use provoke resulting riots, mob violence or other breaches of the public peace. For this reason, the prosecution does not have to prove publication to a third party. It is enough that the person the defendent are referring to hears the words (or sees the gestures) and reacts violently. However, unlike civil defamation, the prosecution will have to prove that the words complained of were malicious. In civil defamation the words may be malicious, but in criminal defamation they must be.  [27]   SOCIAL MEDIA TECHNOLOGIES Social media technologies are part of the cyberspace. It include blogs, picture sharing, email, instant messaging, vlogs and other medium that allow to be democratically interactive in ways unlike radio, television, or highly edited letters pages of newspapers and magazine. Below is some case law and summaries that happen in Brunei and Malaysia which relate with defamation in cyberspace. Facebook is a popular free social networking website that allows registered users to create profiles, upload photos and video, send messages and keep in touch with friends, family and colleague  [28]  . One recent and well-known case in Brunei with regards to Facebook Upload is Adi Adip  [29]  case where the defendant had uploaded his ex-girlfriends (Miss X) obscene picture and video clip on the Facebook. The reason for his action is to insult Miss Xs modesty as well as to get her attention after she had broken off her relationship with the defendant. The plaintiff report this issue to the police once she discovered the Facebook account is under her name, managed by the defendant and containing the obscene pictures and video clips involving herself. The court ordered for the iPhone used by the defendant to be forfeited and all photos and videos related to the case was seized and disposed of, including copies, immediately. This is one case example from Brunei of the defamation in cyberspace. Other than that, the defendant was send to jail for 10 months. In Malaysia, over the past years, Malaysians have been increasingly engaged in virtual communities and online interactions. Some have led to positive outcomes, but some of these virtual arenas have been exploited, tarnishing the true potential of the Internet  [30]  . In case of Jeff Ooi and Rocky Bru  [31]  case, this is the first time in Malaysia that a prominent media organization filed a suit against bloggers. Jeff Oois Screenshot become a topic of debate when he retracted all his libelous allegations in weblog against the New Straits Times. Raja Petra Kamaruddin is a Malaysian editor known for running Malaysia Today website. He published a series of commentary article on Malaysia politics in the website. There are a lot of cases relate to him which include both Civil and Criminal offences. Some of his cases are: Nordin Kardi UUM v RPK (2008) Lt-Col Aziz Buyong Lt-Col Norhayati Hassan v RPK (2008) Datuk Muhammad Shafee Abdullah v RPK (2008) Public Prosecutor v RPK (2008) Due to large number of cases he was being suit, he was arrested by the authorities. He was detained under the Internal Security Act on 12th September 2008 under section 73, 60 days detention by Police Officer and again on 24th September 2008, under section 8(1) which he was detained for 2 years by the Minister. CONCLUSION As mention earlier in this paper, the objective of this paper is to determine jurisdiction on the regional cases of defamation in Brunei and Malaysia. This paper also explains medium of defamation in the cyberspace, the effects of the defamation to the victim, the punishment to the defamer and the court action with the case. Weve found that there are 4 distinct medium of defamation in the cyberspace one to one email messages, mailing list, newsgroup and the World Wide Web  [32]  . As we know, defamation can result to injure the reputation of the victim and in particular to cause him (or her) to be regarded with feelings of hatred, contempt, ridicule, fear, dislike or disesteem.

Bryophyte And Pteropyte Life Cycles :: essays research papers

Although Bryophytes and Pterophytes are both plant divisions with a common ancestor, they have little in common. While Bryophytes (mosses) are generally nonvascular and very short in height, Pterophytes (ferns) are vascular plants that usually grow much taller than mosses. While the dominant generation in mosses is the gametophyte, ferns exhibit the sporophyte generation. The details of their alternations of generation vary as well, although both have diploid and haploid stages. Alteration of generations is defined as a life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte. Meiosis in mosses produces haploid spores. This process occurs in a sporangium, a capsule in fungi and plants in which meiosis takes place and haploid spores develop. After fertilization, the sporophyte zygote grows out of the parent gametophyte. At the end of this stalk is the sporangium. Meiosis occurs and the haploid spores disperse. In ferns, the mature sporophyte (2N) has small spots on the undersides of its leaves. These are clusters of the Pterophyte sporangia, called sori. As in mosses, meiosis occurs in the sporangia, which then release spores, continuing the cycle. Mitosis in Bryophytes begins germination, or growth. It directly follows meiosis. As mitotic division continues, protonemata (1N) are formed. They grow until they are mature gametophytes. In Pterophytes, mitosis occurs directly after fertilization. The zygote divides and grows until it peeks out of the parent gametophyte, then it matures until it can release its own spores. Mosses exhibit the embryophyte condition, which means their gametes develop with protective sheaths of cells. This was an adaptation that allowed plants to become hardier. Mosses have two sexes of gametangia; the male gametangium is called an antheridium, and the female is called an archegonium. Eggs are produced in the archegonium and sperm in the antheridium. In order for fertilization to take place, the sperm must swim through moisture to the archegonium. This is why mosses must live in damp environments to survive- they cannot reproduce without moisture. The zygote develops within the archegonial cavity. Ferns are usually homosporous as well (there is a single type of spore; the gametophyte is bisexual). In ferns, the archegonia and antheridia mature at different times, which means there is cross fertilization between gametophytes and thus more genetic variation. Sperm from the antheridia swim to the archegonia where the zygote develops. Like mosses, ferns also need a moist envir onment for fertilization to occur.

Exposure Wilfred Owen

Exposure is a poem written by the one of the most famous poets of the World War 1, Wilfred Owen. The poem illustrates the conditions that the soldiers were exposed to while living in the trenches of the war zone. The poem is divided into two parts, with the first one being an introduction to the weather acting as more of the enemy to the British than the Germans were and comparing the war with the Germans less deadly than the war with the environmental conditions. In this essay, I will analyse how Owen uses imagery to evoke both past and present feelings in this poem.The first line of part tow of Exposure is, â€Å"Pale flakes with lingering stealth come feeling for our faces†. The personification of the flakes create tactile imagery that is felt by the reader as he describes how the snow sends the soldiers to a form of trance about their homes and the past, before the war. The phrase, â€Å"So we drowse, sun-dozed, littered with blossoms trickling where the blackbird fusses, † evokes the image of the soldiers lying in a garden perhaps at their home showing that the soldiers are indeed in a trance remembering about their lives before the war.These diction used to describe their state such as â€Å"snow-dazed† and â€Å"sun-dozed† all add to the idea of them drifting back into time and are also associated with bright light that is normally linked with death. The stanza ends with Owen asking the rhetorical question, â€Å"Is it that we are dying? † showing that it is as though their lives are flashing before their lives, which is correlated with their forthcoming deaths. The next stanza is an extension of the previous one as Owen continues to explore further on their past memories of home, which give off a warm tone to the reader.The phrase, â€Å"glimpsing the sunk fires glozed with crusted-red jewels,† has a lot of visual imagery reminding the reader of the sun, which is always related with positive feelings. The poet bl ends the words glow and glazed to create a new word, â€Å"glozed,† which strengthens the warmness of the imagery used to describe their memories. But as they are in the trance of remembering the past, they are brought back to reality by use of the phrases, â€Å"Shutters and doors all closed: on us the doors are closed†, and, â€Å"We turn back to our dying. The repetition of the closed doors shows the emphasis of their hopelessness and how they can’t go back to the past; they are forced to face the present, which is their death. The last stanza of the poem demonstrates the end of their dying. The phrase, â€Å"To-night, His frost will fasten on this mud and us, Shrivelling many hands and puckering foreheads crisp† shows the extent of what the exposure to the weather does to the soldiers. The first letter of the word, â€Å"His† is capitalized and this punctuation suggest that it is God’s frost that kills the soldiers.There is onomatopoeia in the word shrivelling, creating the image of the soldiers being reduced to nothing because of the frost. The last phrases explore the aftermath of this exposure to the weather, as the remaining soldiers bury the dead ones. There is some sibilance in the phrase; â€Å"picks and shovels in their shaking grasp,† which creates audio imagery that suggests the remaining soldiers are shivering from the cold. The effects of the exposure make the soldiers only half recognisable, supporting the severity of this weather.The phrase, â€Å"All their eyes are ice, But nothing happens† is the last of the poem showing the reader all that is left of the soldiers is a blank cold stare compared to with ice. The â€Å"but nothing happens† phrase is repeated several times in the poem proving that even after their death, everything remains the same, the war is still their. This gives the reader the idea of the soldiers dying in vain. In conclusion, part two of Exposure allows the reader to explore the feelings of the soldiers as they are going through this slow death.The effects of the weather cause the soldiers to go into a trance, remembering the past and all the warm memories that come with it. But the soldiers are then bounced back to their death where they face the intense conditions of the weather that is more deadly than the bullets of the war with the Germans. The poem concludes with the death of several soldiers caused by the exposure to the environment and how the remaining soldiers attempt to bury half recognisable men who died in vain.

Electoral College Essays - Electoral College, Faithless Elector

Electoral College Essays - Electoral College, Faithless Elector Electoral College The framer's intent of setting up the American Government will never be know for sure, but it is gathered that they preferred a republic over a democracy. In the constitutional convention the drafters had to decide how much power they would entrust with the people of the United States, and how much should be controlled by representatives. They chose to have Congress Make the laws, and congress would be selected directly by the people. But another branch of government, the executive branch, needed a sole president and the framers had to decide how to choose this president. They chose from three main systems: elect the president by congress, the people, or electors. The electoral college system has been in place for over 200 years and Americans are still not sure how it works or if it is the best system. Many Americans feel they go to the polls every year and vote for the president, and in the long run they are in control of the fate of our executive branch. This third system was to have electors that could not be a member of congress vote for the president. The elector system was voted down twice, once as the electors to be chosen by state legislatures, and the other time as the electors to be chosen by direct vote. Finally it was passed under the system of letting state legislature decide how to choose the electors. Another compromise had to be made about how many electors each state would have. This was agreed upon by the electors equaling the total of the states representatives and senators. States went three main routes in choosing electors: the legislative system, where state legislatures choose the electors; a district system, where electors are selected by the people of each congressional district; and the general ticket, or a winner-take-all system, where a popular vote was held in the entire state, and the winner took all electoral votes. Many have tried to reform by making a more uniform system state by state, but the constitution is very clear that it is each state's own decision of how to choose electors. The legislative system eventually failed because of too much bargaining, promises, and payoffs. The district system eventually lost popularity because it encourages third parties. This left the general ticket system as the dominating system. However, the framers originally intended electors to be chosen by the people and then vote for what they thought was best. There are two states that still use the district system, but the remaining 48 states use the general ticket system. Most all states no longer show the electors' names on the ballot. The voter votes for either the president or the party that they wish to hold office. This causes a problem of the unfaithful elector. Electors are expected to ratify the people's choice by voting for candidates winning the popular election. Electors that do not vote for what they are expected to vote for are considered faithless or unfaithful electors. This has not traditionally been a problem in the history of the electoral college but it could possibly be a problem. Less than 1% of electors have ever misrepresented their community. 26 states do not require an elector to vote for what they have pledged to vote for by state law. Although these states are still considered under the general ticket system. Basically the electoral college system works like this today. Every ten years the census figures adjusts how many representatives each state has. This number plus two, representing the two senators, equals how many electors each state has. Also, DC has 3 electors. Then each state has the right to decide how to select these electors. Forty eight states use the general ticket system, two, Maine and Nebraska, use the district system. The general ticket system is suppose to operate as follows. There is a direct vote election held in each state and the winner of the vote is suppose to get all of that states electoral votes. In Maine and Nebraska there is an election held in each congressional district. The winner of every district gets one electoral vote, and the candidate with the most electoral votes gets the remaining two electoral votes. Then all of the votes are counted, and if a candidate gets more than half the votes, he/she becomes the new president. If there is no majority then the election gets thrown into the House of Representatives. There each state is given one vote and they

Tokugawa Ieyasu essays

Tokugawa Ieyasu essays The subject of my paper is the life of Tokugawa Ieyasu. This man is believed to have been the most powerful man in Japan during the Edo period. Throughout this paper, I will be writing about issues that occurred throughout throughout Ieyasu's life. Some of the issues that I will cover include: The Battle of Sekigahara; The suppression and persecution of Christianity; economic practices that helped him secure his power position. There are other issues that will be mentioned in this paper. Tokugawa Ieyasu was a very strong-hearted, intelligent, and caring man who wanted to see Japan grow and flourish. Tokugawa Ieyasu was boen Matsudaira Takechiyo of the Matsudaira military family in 1543. During this time families were feudng over land and various wars broke out. Matsudaira Takechiyo was only four years old when he became hostage to the Imagawa clan in 1547 (Saddler pg. 3-5). Late on during his hostage crisis Matsudaira Takechiyo's father dies. Matsudaira Takechiyo is released for a brief time so that he can care for his family and mourn before going back to the Imagawa as a hostage. In 1560 the Nobunaga clan defeats the Imagawa and Matsudaira Takechiyo is freed. he then regains leadership of the Matsudaira. Matsudaira Takechiyo thus begins his quest for supremacy. His first step after coming to power is allying himself with Oda Nobunaga, who was of middle class in the feudal hierarchy. Nobunaga didn't become a shogun because of the fact that he felt that he didn't need the authority of the emperor. He was an upstart who didn't follow any rules or laws. Nobunaga thought that he could unify Japan by himself. He eventually came to power when he overthrew th Ashikaga Shogunate. After Matsudaira Takechiyo allied himself with this group he changed his name to Tokugawa Ieyasu. In the year 1570, Ieyasu decided to move his headquarters to the Hikuma-jo Castle the former Imagawa territory. After moving into this castle, Ieyasu conduct...

Liberation theology is decidedly Christian however, Buddhism, Islam, Essay

Liberation theology is decidedly Christian however, Buddhism, Islam, and Judaism each have traditions of protecting the poor as - Essay Example It is established that practicing religious beliefs plays a big role in defending the underprivileged in society (Jones, 5002-6184). The religious groups believe that it is important to offer assistance to the poor; the difference is the methods of assisting them. The liberation theology is entirely believed by Christians, however, religious groups such as Buddhism, Islam, and Judaism have their own believe and traditions of assisting the poor as part of their religious practices. The teachings in these world religions about protecting the underprivileged individuals in the society have been researched aptly. Buddhism Buddhism is a religion that has cosmic and rich coherent traditions that protect and defend the poor. It has various set of teachings that guide believers on how to conduct themselves. The main teachings of religion is that people on earth should purify their minds and show love, empathy to others, especially the underprivileged. A Buddhist is an individual who is spiri tually driven to become a servant to others irrespective of the social class he/she is in, and ought to act for the benefit of other individuals in society. This is one the religion that upholds ethical values and emphasizes on implementing them when relating with other individuals in society. Compassion and loving-kindness are the core values that Buddhist should have; hence, promotes the practice of defending and protecting the poor. Life is important is an important and is highly valued, thus, believers of religion should ensure that they protect the lives of others. No person should be left die because of hunger and poverty or suffer because he/she cannot feed himself and family (Jones, 5002-6184). Being discipline is also significant, and humbleness is highly ranked, and for this reason the rich and wealthy in the society ought to degrade themselves and socialize with poor. Many opportunities will come up when individuals practice good morals and have a heart for the poor. Budd hism also teaches about love, which is a significant value a person can have. Love will make a person to protect and defend the poor in the community by providing basics needs and offering free services to them. Buddhism teachings comprises of 4 noble truths, the eightfold path and the precepts that teaches the society to defend and protect the poor. Christianity Christianity teachings on the subject require their believers to show love to the underprivileged neighbors by performing action of faith. For a Christian to have faith, it should be accompanied by actions (Jones, 5002-6184). Therefore, a person has cannot say that he/she has faith in God without assisting the poor. For instance, the religion requires their followers to provide food, clothing, and shelter to their poor neighbors. They should preach the word of God to them and lift their spirits that God loves them and wants them to be happy. Many Christian’s organizations have come up variety of projects that create employment to the people in the society. The projects employ such individuals, hence making them responsible and independent. According to the biblical prophet, a nation should consider as righteous or integrity, for it be judged by how it treats the poorest and most vulnerable. Christianity believes that the way in which we respond to the poor in society is how Christians respond Jesus; hence, the believers are encouraged to treat the poor for them to be recognized by Jesus (Jones, 5002-6184

Collective culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Collective culture - Essay Example With this much understanding, there emerges in each of us a real heart towards the significance of a cultural heritage even beyond national boundaries as well as the history which took to account the many remarkable struggles which its beauty and prominence had been founded by. If each citizen of our nation is made to realize the essence of ancestral efforts in several aspects, building on trust, goodwill, and pride with shared humanity, it would be spontaneously possible to take responsibility of individual actions and possess the initiative to align one’s behavior with a sense of patriotism and selfless interest. This way, respect and the value of dignity are gradually established and a citizen in this position develops profound level of communication and confidence from which to radiate genuine concern to fellow countrymen. Interdependence results in the process instead of indifference so that this enables our culture to prosper to a considerable degree which extends to the aspect of economy and diplomatic relations abroad. It then creates a picture of effortlessly dealing with cross-cultural endeavors and supporting cultural heritage beyond this nation, eliminating conflicts that arise when negative motives are rather perceived in not understanding the meaning of origins in a continuum where potential unseen similarities may gather various cultures together to a point of empowering the stewardship intended for culture well-being (LeBaron, 2003). Besides the character which an academic institution aims for each learner to acquire in breaking unhealthy misconception regarding differences among cultures, one may further assume such role based on a chosen field or profession. For instance, Nova Scotians of Canada are found capable of determining businesspeople to pay special attention for the welfare of cultural heritage through financial contributions, rendering services to or adapting a